
Elkelish, A. New Plant Extracts toward Multidrug Resistance: The Convergence of Nanotechnology and Nanoscience. Spec. Sci. J 1, 1–14 (2024).
Khan, S. et al. Integrated pest and disease management for better agronomic crop production. Agro Cro. 2, 385–428 (2019).
Ullah, M. I. et al. Environmental and health effects of pesticide residues. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 48. Pesticide Occurrence, Analysis and Remediation. 2, 311–336 (2021).
Sadgrove, N. J. et al. Pharmacology of natural volatiles and essential oils in food, therapy, and disease prophylaxis. Front. Pharmacol. 12, 740–302 (2021).
Alamgir, A. N., Alamgir, A. N. & Pharmacognostical Botany Classification of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), botanical taxonomy, morphology, and anatomy of drug plants. Therapeutic use of medicinal plants and their extracts. Pharmacognosy. (1), 177–293 (2017).
Mann, R. S. et al. Repellency and toxicity of plant-based essential oils and their constituents against Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: psyllidae). Appl. Entomol. 136(1‐2), 87–96 (2012).
Wang, R. et al. Extraction of essential oils from five cinnamon leaves and identification of their volatile compound compositions. Innovative Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 10(2), 289–292 (2009).
Mwithiga, G., Maina, S., Gitari, J. & Muturi, P. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) growth rate, oil yield and oil quality under differing soil amendments. Heliyon 8(4), (2022).
Mirghani, M. E. S., Liyana, Y. & Parveen, J. Bioactivity analysis of lemongrass (Cymbopogan Citratus) essential oil. Inter food Res. J. 19(2), 569–575 (2012).
Elkelish, A. & Abu-Elsaoud, A. M. M. Crosstalk Between Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses in Plants: Mechanisms, Outcomes, and Implications for Crop Improvement.Spec. Sci. J 1, 27–34 (2024).
Abdollahi, A. L. I., Hassani, A., Ghosta, Y., Meshkatalsadat, M. H. & Shabani, R. Screening of antifungal properties of essential oils extracted from sweet basil, fennel, summer savory and thyme against postharvest phytopathogenic fungi. J. Food Saf. 31(3), 350–356 (2011).
Avasiloaiei, D. I., Calara, M., Brezeanu, P. M., Murariu, O. C. & Brezeanu, C. On the future perspectives of some medicinal plants within Lamiaceae botanic family regarding their comprehensive properties and resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. Genes 14(5), 955 (2023).
Raina, A. P. & Gupta, V. Chemotypic characterization of diversity in essential oil composition of Ocimum species and varieties from India. J. Essent. Oil Res. 30(6), 444–456 (2018).
Gossa, A. G., Tesfay, B. & Degu, H. D. Genetic diversity and population structure of Ethiopian basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) accessions using DArTseq markers. Ecol. Genet. Genomics 31, 100–241 (2024).
Abuhashem, Y. S., Khalil, H. B., El-Tahawey, M. A. & Soliman, K. A. Exploring the morphological and genetic diversity of Egyptian basil landraces (Ocimum sp.) for future breeding strategies. Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. 12(1), 70 (2023).
Tangpao, T. et al. Volatile organic compounds from basil essential oils: plant taxonomy, biological activities, and their applications in tropical fruit productions. Horticulturae 8(2), 144 (2022).
Sakkas, H. & Papadopoulou, C. Antimicrobial activity of basil, oregano, and thyme essential oils. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 27(3), 429–438 (2017).
Telci, I., Bayram, E., Yılmaz, G. & Avcı, B. Variability in essential oil composition of Turkish basils (Ocimum basilicum L). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 34(6), 489–497 (2006).
Stanojevic, L. P. et al. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil. J. Essent. Oil Bearing Plants 20 (6), 1557–1569 (2017).
Romano, R. et al. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves as a source of bioactive compounds. Foods 11, 3212 (2022).
Alegbeleye, O., Odeyemi, O. A., Strateva, M. & Stratev, D. Microbial spoilage of vegetables, fruits and cereals. Appl. Food Res. 2(1), 100–122 (2022).
Afzal, A., Syed, S., Ahmad, R., Zeeshan, M. & Nabi, G. The menace of aflatoxin: understanding the effects of contamination by aspergillus species on crops and human health and advancements in managing these toxic metabolites. (2023).
Tania, A. et al. Proximate composition, fungal isolation and contamination of aflatoxin B1 in chickpea seeds from the Punjab, Pakistan. Nat. Prod. Res. 37(19), 3314–3322 (2023).
Nijabat, A. et al. Proximate composition and prevalence and exposure assessment of aflatoxins intake through consumption of fresh carrot and processed marketed carrot products in South Punjab, Pakistan. Nat. Prod. Res. 1–10 (2023).
Brandão, R. M. et al. Antifungal and antimycotoxigenic effect of the essential oil of Eremanthus Erythropappus on three different aspergillus species. Flavour Fragr. J. 35(5), 524–533 (2020).
Hassane, A. M. A. et al. Influence of different moisture contents and temperature on growth and production of aflatoxin B1 by a toxigenic aspergillus flavus isolate in wheat flour. J. Ecol. Health Environ. 5(3), 77–83 (2017).
Ajmal, M., Bedale, W., Akram, A. & Yu, J. H. Comprehensive review of aflatoxin contamination, impact on health and food security, and management strategies in Pakistan. Toxins 14(12), 845 (2022).
Salisu, B. U., Anua, S. M., Ishak, W. R. W. & Mazlan, N. A review on hepatocellular carcinoma attributable to chronic aflatoxins’ exposure in Malaysia for the last two decades. Malaysian J. Med. Health Sci. 17, (2017).
Ekwomadu, T., Mwanza, M. & Musekiwa, A. Mycotoxin-linked mutations and cancer risk: a global health issue. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19(13), 7754 (2022).
Mitchell, N. J., Bowers, E., Hurburgh, C. & Wu, F. Potential economic losses to the US corn industry from aflatoxin contamination. Food Addit. Contaminants: Part. A 33(3), 540–550 (2016).
Kutasi, K. et al. Approaches to inactivating aflatoxins- a review and challenges. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22(24), 13322 (2021).
Liu, M. et al. Invited review: remediation strategies for mycotoxin control in feed. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 13(1), 19 (2022).
Peng, Y. et al. Research progress on phytopathogenic fungi and their role as biocontrol agents. Front. Microbiol. 12, 670–135 (2021).
Abdelmotilib, N. M., Darwish, A. G., Abdel-Azeem, A. M. & Sheir, D. H. Fungal mycotoxins. Fungi Sustainable Food Prod. 197–226 (2021).
Oğuz, H., Bahçivan, E. & Erdoğan, T. Detoxification of aflatoxin in poultry feed: an update. J. Eur. Vet. Sci. 34(4), (2018).
Amor, G. et al. Basil essential oil: composition, antimicrobial properties, and microencapsulation to produce active chitosan films for food packaging. Foods 10(1), 121 (2021).
Kumar, A., Singh, P. P., Gupta, V. & Prakash, B. Assessing the antifungal and aflatoxin B1 inhibitory efficacy of nanoencapsulated antifungal formulation based on combination of Ocimum spp. essential oils. J. Int. Food Microbiol. 330, 108–766 (2020).
Hassane, A. M. A. et al. Cultural and analytical assays for aflatoxin B production by Aspergillus flavus isolates. Journal of Natural Product Chemistry. 1, 17–23 (2017).
Zhang, K. & Banerjee, K. A review: sample preparation and chromatographic technologies for detection of aflatoxins in foods. Toxins 12(9), 539 (2020).
Hanif, M. A. et al. Evaluation of the effects of zinc on the chemical composition and biological activity of basil essential oil by using Raman spectroscopy. Ind. Crops Prod. 96, 91–101 (2017).
Adams, R. P. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. 4th Edition Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream. (2007).
Prakash, B. et al. Efficacy of chemically characterized Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil as an antioxidant and a safe plant based antimicrobial against fungal and aflatoxin B1 contamination of spices. Food Res. Int. 44, 385–390 (2011).
Pandey, D. K., Tripathi, N. N., Tripathi, R. D. & Dixitm, S. N. Fungitoxic and phytotoxic properties of the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens. J. Plant. Dis. Prot. 89, 344–349 (1982).
Venkatesh, H. N. et al. Antifungal and antimycotoxigenic properties of chemically characterised essential oil of Boswellia serrata Roxb. Ex Colebr. Int. J. Food Prop. 20, 1856–1868 (2017).
RStudio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development for R (Version 2023.06.0 + 421). RStudio, PBC. https://www.rstudio.com/ (2023).
Kolde, R. pheatmap: Pretty Heatmaps. R package version 1.0.12. https://cran.r-project.org/package=pheatmap (2019).
Bouzouita, N., Kachouri, F., Hamdi, M. & Chaabouni, M. M. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Tunisian aromatic plants. Flavour. Fragr. J. 18, 380–383 (2003).
Verma, V. & Kasera, P. K. Variations in secondary metabolites in some arid zone medicinal plants in relation to season and plant growth. Ind. J. Plant. Physiol. 12, 203–206 (2007).
Hanif, M. et al. Essential oil composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of unexplored Omani basil. J. Med. Plants Res. 5, 751–757 (2011).
Djeridane, A. et al. Antioxidant activity of some Algerian medicinal plant’s extracts containing phenolic compounds. Food Chem. 97, 654–660 (2006).
ElgndiMA et al. Antioxidative and cytotoxic activity of essential oils and extracts of Satureja montana L., Coriandrum sativum L. and Ocimum basilicum L. obtained by supercritical fluid extraction. J. Supercrit Fluids. 128, 28–137 (2017).
Cheliku, N. et al. Essential oil composition of five basil cultivars (Ocimum basilicum) from Albania. Maced Pharm. Bull. 61(2), 11–18 (2015).
Riveros, C. G., Nepote, V. & Grossa, N. R. Thyme and basil essential oils included in edible coating as a natural preserving method of oilseed kernels. J. Sci. Food Agri 96(1), 183–191 (2015).
Silva, V. A. et al. Antibacterial activity of Ocimum basilicum essential oil and linalool on bacterial isolates of clinical importance. Int. J. Pharmacognosy Phytochem Res. 7, 1066–1071 (2015).
Stefan, M., Zamfirache, M. M., Padurariu, C., Truta, E. & Gostin, I. The composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils in three Ocimum species growing in Romania. Cent. Eur. J. Biol. 8(6), 600–608 (2013).
Wesołowska, A., Kosecka, D. & Jadczak, D. Essential oil composition of three sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) cultivars. Herba Pol. 58(2), 5–16 (2012).
Carovic-Stanko, K. et al. Composition and antibacterial activities of essential oils of seven Ocimum taxa. Food Chem. 119, 196–201 (2010).
Beatovic, D. et al. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of twelve Ocimum basilicum L. cultivars grown in Serbia. Rec Nat. Prod. 9(1), 62–75 (2015).
Dolghi, A. et al. Phytochemical analysis and in vitro cytotoxic activity against colorectal adenocarcinoma cells of Hippophae rhamnodies L., Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf, and Ocimum basilicum L. essential oils. Plants 10(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122752 (2021).
Tangpao, T., Chung, H. H. & Sommano, S. R. Aromatic profiles of essential oils from five commonly used Thai basils. Foods 7(11), 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7110175 (2018).
Chaleshtori, R., Rokni, N., Rafieian-kopaei, M., Drees, F. & Salehi, E. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil in beef burger. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 17, 817–826 (2015).
Hadipanah, A., Ghahremani, A., Khorrami, M. & Ardalani, H. Diversity in chemical composition and yield of essential oil from three ecotypes of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in Iran. Biol. Forum–An Int. J. 7, 1802–1805 (2015).
Shirazi, M. T., Gholami, H., Kavoosi, G., Rowshan, V. & Tafsiry, A. Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Tagetes minuta and Ocimum basilicum essential oils. Food Sci. Nutr. 2(2), 146–155 (2014).
Nurzynska-Wierdak, R. Morphological variability and essential oil composition of four Ocimum basilicum L. cultivars. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 17, 112–119 (2014).
Nurzynska-Wierdak, R. Morphological variability and essential oil composition of four Ocimum basilicum L. cultivars. Mod. Phytomorphology 3, 115–118 (2013).
Nurzynska-Wierdak, R., Bogucka-Kocka, A., Kowalski, R. & Borowski, B. Changes in the chemical composition of the essential oil of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) depending on the plant growth stage. Chemija 23, 216–222 (2012).
Sienkiewicz, M., Łysakowska, M., Pastuszka, M., Bienias, W. & Kowalczyk, E. The potential of use basil and rosemary essential oils as effective antibacterial agents. Molecules 18(8), 9334–9351 (2013).
Verma, R. S., Bisht, P. S., Padalia, R. C., Saikia, D. & Chauhan, A. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil from two Ocimum spp. grown in sub-tropical India during spring-summer cropping season. Asian J. Trad Med. 6, 211–217 (2011).
Sajjadi, S. E. Analysis of the essential oils of two cultivated basils (Ocimum basilicum L.) from Iran. DARU J. Pharm. Sci. 14, 128–130 (2006).
Joshi, R. K. GC—MS analysis of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. growing desolately in South India. Acta Chromatographica 29(1), 111–119 (2017).
Kaale, L. D. Comparing the effects of essential oils and methanolic extracts on the inhibition of aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus growth and production of aflatoxins. Mycotoxin Res. 39(3), 233–245 (2023).
Dambolena, J. S. et al. Essential oils composition of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. from Kenya and their inhibitory effects on growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides. Innovative Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 11(2), 410–414 (2010).
Lemos, J. A. et al. Antifungal activity from Ocimum gratissimum L. towards Cryptococcus neoformans. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 100(1), 55–58 (2005).
Piras, A. et al. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. and Ocimum basilicum L., two spices of Lamiaceae family with bioactive essential oils. Ind. Crops Prod. 113, 89–97 (2018).
Joshi, R. K. & Hoti, S. L. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Krishna Tulsi) from North West Karnataka, India. Plant. Sci. Today. 1(3), 99–102 (2014).
Khan, A. et al. Ocimum sanctum essential oil and its active principles exert their antifungal activity by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity. Res. Microbiol. 161, 816–823 (2010).
Gbolade, A. A. & Lockwood, G. B. Toxicity of Ocimum sanctum L. essential oil to Aedes aegypti larvae and its chemical composition. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants. 11, 148–153 (2008).
Awasthi, P. K. & Dixit, S. C. Chemical compositions of Ocimum sanctum Shyama and Ocimum sanctum Rama oils from the plains of Northern India. J. Essent. Oil Bearing Plants 10, 292–296 (2007).
Kothari, S. K., Bhattacharya, A. K., Ramesh, S., Garg, S. N. & Khanuja, S. P. S. Volatile constituents in oil from different plant parts of methyl eugenol-rich Ocimum tenuiflorum L. f. (syn. O. Sanctum L.) grown in South India. J. Essen Oil Res. 17, 656–658 (2005).
Kicel, A., Kurowska, A. & Kalemba, D. Composition of the essential oil of Ocimum sanctum L. grown in Poland during vegetation. J. Essen Oil Res. 17, 217–219 (2005).
Kpoviessi, S. et al. Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and in vitro antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial activity of the essential oils of four Cymbopogon species from Benin. J. Ethnopharmacol. 151, 652–659 (2014).
Sonker, N., Pandey, A. K., Singh, P. & Tripathi, N. Assessment of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf essential oil as herbal preservatives based on antifungal, antiaflatoxin, and antiochratoxin activities and in vivo efficacy during storage. J. Food Sci. 79, M628–M634 (2014).
Lima, M. I. D. et al. Investigation of the antifungal potential of linalool against clinical isolates of fluconazole resistant trichophyton rubrum. J. Med. Mycol. 27, 195–202 (2017).
Zabka, M. & Pavela, R. Antifungal efficacy of some natural phenolic compounds against significant pathogenic and toxinogenic filamentous fungi. Chemosphere 93, 1051–1056 (2013).
Zabka, M. & Pavela, R. Effectiveness of environmentally safe food additives and food supplements in an in vitro growth inhibition of significant Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Plant. Prot. Sci. 54, 163–173 (2018).
Zabka, M., Pavela, R. & Prokinova, E. Antifungal activity and chemical composition of twenty essential oils against significant indoor and outdoor toxigenic and aero allergenic fungi. Chemosphere 112, 443–448 (2014).
Zabka, M., Pavela, R. & Slezakova, L. Antifungal effect of Pimenta dioica essential oil against dangerous pathogenic and toxicogenic fungi. Ind. Crop Prod. 30, 250–253 (2009).
Zabka, M. et al. Antifungal and insecticidal potential of the essential oil from Ocimum sanctum L. against dangerous fungal and insect species and its safety for non-target useful soil species Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826). Plants 10, 2180. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102180 (2021).
Ijaz, B. et al. Isolation of bioactive fractions from Ocimum sanctum essential oil. Oxidations Commun. 40, 158–167 (2017).
Mounira, G. M. et al. Essential oil composition and antioxidant and antifungal activities of two varieties of Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) at two phenological stages. Agronomy 12, 825. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040825 (2022).
Vieira, P. R. et al. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils from Ocimum species. Ind. Crops Prod. 55, 267–271 (2014).
Singh, K. et al. Antifungal action of 1,8 cineole, a major component of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil against Alternaria tenuissima via overproduction of reactive oxygen species and downregulation of virulence and ergosterol biosynthetic genes. Ind. Crops Prod. 214, 118–580 (2024).
Rodríguez, B., Pacheco, L., Bernal, I. & Piña, M. Mechanisms of action of flavonoids: antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Ciencia Ambiente Y Clima 6(2), 33–66 (2023).
Montagut, D. C., Bueno, Y., Vesga, L. C., Stashenko, E. E. & Mendez-Sanchez, S. C. Cymbopogon flexuosus (nees ex steudWatsonwatson essential oil effect on mitochondrial bioenergetics. J. Essent. Oil Res. 34(3), 233–239 (2022).
Jeff-Agboola, Y. A., Onifade, A. K., Akinyele, B. J. & Osho, I. B. In vitro antifungal activities of essential oil from Nigerian medicinal plants against toxigenic aspergillus flavus. J. Med. Plant. Res. 6, 4048–4056 (2012).
Zhiri, A. Les huiles essentielles en pouvoir antimicrobien avere. Nutrition prevention et sante. Edite par Le Fonction Pour Le Libre Choix. Nutra News Sci. 10, 8 (2006).
Abou El-Soud, N. H., Deabes, M., El-Kassem, L. A. & Khalil, M. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil. Open. Access. Maced J. Med. Sci. 3(3), 374–379 (2015).
Remesh, A. V. et al. Insights on biorational potential of Ocimum gratissimum essential oil and its binary combination with monoterpene phenol for control of rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and aflatoxigenic fungi. Food Biosci. 50, 2212–4292 (2022).
Cisarova, M., Tancinova, D., Medo, J. & Kacaniova, M. The in vitro effect of selected essential oils on the growth and mycotoxin production of aspergillus species. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part. B Pesticides Food Contam. Agric. Wastes 51(10), 668–674 (2016).
Al-Harrasi, M. M. A. et al. Essential oils of Heliotropium Bacciferum, Ocimum dhofarense and Zataria multiflora exhibit aflatoxin B1 detoxification potential. All Life 14(1), 989–996 (2021).
Kumar, A. et al. Caenorhabditis elegans: a model to understand host–microbe interactions. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 77, 1229–1249 (2020).
Tian, F. et al. Plant-based natural flavonoids show strong inhibition of aflatoxin production and related gene expressions correlated with chemical structure. Food Microbiol. 109, 104–141 (2023).